Iowa · GA91
Read HF 392 at the Iowa legislature →
298 registered positions on this bill · 298 state a side.
| Lobbyist or firm | For client | Position | Session |
|---|---|---|---|
| Amy Campbell | AARP Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Brad Anderson | AARP Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Craig Patterson | AARP Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Kent Sovern | AARP Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| MARK MAXWELL | ABATE of Iowa | Opposing | GA89 |
| Brad Epperly | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA84 |
| Dustin Miller | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA89 |
| Keith Luchtel | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA84 |
| Dustin Blythe | AT & T | Undecided | GA89 |
| Jake Ketzner | Adventureland Amusement Park | Undecided | GA91 |
| Larry Blixt | Adventureland Amusement Park | Undecided | GA91 |
| Nick Boeyink | Adventureland Amusement Park | Undecided | GA91 |
| Michael Triplett | Alliance For Automotive Innovation | Supporting | GA89 |
| Jerry Fitzgerald | Alliance for Fair Competition (AFC) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Maggie Smith-Fitzgerald | Alliance for Fair Competition (AFC) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mark Joyce | Alliance for Fair Competition (AFC) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Matt McKinney | Allied Insurance | Supporting | GA89 |
| RG Schwarm | Allied Insurance | Supporting | GA89 |
| Brad Epperly | American Insurance Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | American Insurance Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | American Insurance Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | American Insurance Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA86 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA86 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA86 |
| Sandra Conlin | Associated Builders & Contractors of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Susan Walter | Black Hills Energy | Undecided | GA84 |
| Ann McCarthy | Board of Regents, State of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| David Miles | Board of Regents, State of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Joe Murphy | Board of Regents, State of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Saunders | Board of Regents, State of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Robert Donley | Board of Regents, State of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Saunders | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Kristin Bauer | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Mark Braun | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Mary Braun | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Hannah McDowell | Brain Injury Alliance of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Nick Laning | Brain Injury Alliance of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Threase Harms | Brain Injury Alliance of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Dane Schumann | CAFE Iowa Citizen's Action Network (Clean Air for Everyone) | Supporting | GA85 |
| Kent Hartwig | CAFE Iowa Citizen's Action Network (Clean Air for Everyone) | Supporting | GA85 |
| Threase Harms | CAFE Iowa Citizen's Action Network (Clean Air for Everyone) | Supporting | GA85 |
| Dane Schumann | CHAIN | Supporting | GA85 |
| Kent Hartwig | CHAIN | Supporting | GA85 |
| Threase Harms | CHAIN | Supporting | GA85 |
| Mike St. Clair | Central IA Building & Construction Trades Council | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mike St. Clair | Central IA Building & Construction Trades Council | Opposing | GA84 |
| tom fey | Central IA Building & Construction Trades Council | Undecided | GA84 |
| tom fey | Central IA Building & Construction Trades Council | Opposing | GA84 |
| Kellie Paschke | Cosmetologists and Barbers of Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Lindsay Phillips | Cosmetologists and Barbers of Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Troy Skinner | Cosmetologists and Barbers of Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Christopher Rants | Des Moines Area Regional Transit | Supporting | GA89 |
| John Cacciatore | Des Moines Area Regional Transit | Supporting | GA89 |
| Nick Laning | Des Moines Water Works | Supporting | GA89 |
| Threase Harms | Des Moines Water Works | Supporting | GA89 |
| Brad Epperly | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA85 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA85 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA85 |
| Sandra Conlin | General Motors LLC | Supporting | GA89 |
| Dave Parker | Great Plains Laborers District Council | Undecided | GA84 |
| Dave Parker | Great Plains Laborers District Council | Opposing | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA84 |
| Jay Byers | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA84 |
| Dane Schumann | Grow Clinton County | Undecided | GA88 |
| Maddie Wilcox | Grow Clinton County | Undecided | GA88 |
| Threase Harms | Grow Clinton County | Undecided | GA88 |
| Bill Wimmer | Home Builders Assn. of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Bill Wimmer | Home Builders Assn. of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Craig Schoenfeld | Home Builders Assn. of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Craig Schoenfeld | Home Builders Assn. of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Michael Triplett | IA. Alliance of Surety Companies | Undecided | GA84 |
| John Gilliland | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Michael Ralston | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Nicole Crain | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA84 |
| David Palmer | IA. Assn. of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Assn. of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Assn. of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Assn. of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Assn. of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA84 |
| Tim Coonan | IA. Assn. of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA84 |
| Don Brazelton | IA. Bowhunters Assn. | Opposing | GA83 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA84 |
| John Stineman | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA84 |
| George Appleby | IA. Competitive Bidding Alliance, Inc. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Jennifer Tyler | IA. Competitive Bidding Alliance, Inc. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Jim Carney | IA. Competitive Bidding Alliance, Inc. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Diane Ford | IA. Dept. of Natural Resources | Opposing | GA83 |
| Beth Jones | IA. Dept. of Public Health | Undecided | GA84 |
| Elizabeth Baird | IA. Dept. of Transportation | Undecided | GA83 |
| Janice Laue | IA. Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO | Opposing | GA84 |
| Ken Sagar | IA. Federation of Labor, AFL-CIO | Opposing | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Geothermal Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Geothermal Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Geothermal Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Geothermal Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Greg Boattenhamer | IA. Hospital Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| J. Norris | IA. Hospital Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Shannon Strickler | IA. Hospital Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Joe Kelly | IA. Landlord Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Alan Kemp | IA. League of Cities | Undecided | GA84 |
| Alan Kemp | IA. League of Cities | Opposing | GA84 |
| Jessica Hyland | IA. League of Cities | Undecided | GA84 |
| Jessica Hyland | IA. League of Cities | Opposing | GA84 |
| Julie Smith | IA. League of Cities | Undecided | GA84 |
| Julie Smith | IA. League of Cities | Opposing | GA84 |
| Larry Pope | IA. League of Cities | Undecided | GA84 |
| Larry Pope | IA. League of Cities | Opposing | GA84 |
| Megan Peiffer | IA. League of Cities | Undecided | GA84 |
| Megan Peiffer | IA. League of Cities | Opposing | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Propane Gas Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Propane Gas Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Propane Gas Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Propane Gas Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mike Heller | IA. Retail Federation | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Feltner | IA. Retail Federation | Undecided | GA84 |
| Emily Piper | IA. Rural Water Assn. | Supporting | GA84 |
| Emily Piper | IA. Rural Water Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Laverne Schroeder | IA. Sportsman Members | Supporting | GA83 |
| Hanna DeGroot | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA84 |
| Hanna DeGroot | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Opposing | GA84 |
| Linda Hinton | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA84 |
| Linda Hinton | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Opposing | GA84 |
| MaryBeth Mellick | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA84 |
| MaryBeth Mellick | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Opposing | GA84 |
| Nathan Bonnett | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA84 |
| Nathan Bonnett | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Opposing | GA84 |
| William Peterson | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA84 |
| William Peterson | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Opposing | GA84 |
| Michael Wentzien | IA. State Assn. of County Supervisors | Opposing | GA84 |
| Mike St. Clair | IA. State Building and Construction Trades Council | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mike St. Clair | IA. State Building and Construction Trades Council | Opposing | GA84 |
| tom fey | IA. State Building and Construction Trades Council | Undecided | GA84 |
| tom fey | IA. State Building and Construction Trades Council | Opposing | GA84 |
| Mike Heller | IA. State Snowmobile Assn. | Undecided | GA83 |
| Paula Feltner | IA. State Snowmobile Assn. | Undecided | GA83 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Water Well Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Water Well Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Water Well Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Water Well Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Dane Schumann | IBEW Iowa State Conference | Undecided | GA88 |
| Maddie Wilcox | IBEW Iowa State Conference | Undecided | GA88 |
| Nick Laning | IBEW Iowa State Conference | Supporting | GA89 |
| Threase Harms | IBEW Iowa State Conference | Undecided | GA88 |
| Threase Harms | IBEW Iowa State Conference | Supporting | GA89 |
| Bob Skow | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Jake Ketzner | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Larry Blixt | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Larry Blixt | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Thomas O'Meara | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Thomas O'Meara | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Supporting | GA89 |
| Amber Williams | Inspired Life | Supporting | GA91 |
| Brad Lint | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA89 |
| Lisa Davis-Cook | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA89 |
| Eric Goranson | Iowa Association of Christian Schools | Opposing | GA90 |
| David Palmer | Iowa Association of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Donna Orton | Iowa Association of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Emily Shields | Iowa Association of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Laurie Wolf | Iowa Association of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Kevin Condon | Iowa Association of Electric Cooperatives | Undecided | GA87 |
| Alex Cutchey | Iowa Association of Municipal Utilities | Undecided | GA89 |
| Emily Piper | Iowa Association of School Boards | Opposing | GA90 |
| Emily Piper | Iowa Association of School Boards | Supporting | GA91 |
| Michelle Johnson | Iowa Association of School Boards | Opposing | GA90 |
| Michelle Johnson | Iowa Association of School Boards | Supporting | GA91 |
| Brad Epperly | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Nick Laning | Iowa Bicycle Coalition | Supporting | GA89 |
| Rachel Ong | Iowa Bicycle Coalition | Supporting | GA89 |
| Threase Harms | Iowa Bicycle Coalition | Supporting | GA89 |
| Larry Murphy | Iowa Catholic Conference | Supporting | GA91 |
| Tom Chapman | Iowa Catholic Conference | Opposing | GA90 |
| Tom Chapman | Iowa Catholic Conference | Supporting | GA91 |
| Kelly Meyers | Iowa County Attorneys Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Carrie Malone | Iowa Dept. of Human Services | Undecided | GA88 |
| Jennifer Harbison | Iowa Dept. of Human Services | Undecided | GA85 |
| Maddie Wilcox | Iowa Dept. of Public Health | Undecided | GA89 |
| Sarah Jennings | Iowa Dept. of Public Safety | Supporting | GA89 |
| Sarah Jennings | Iowa Dept. of Public Safety | Undecided | GA89 |
| Mikel Derby | Iowa Dept. of Transportation | Undecided | GA87 |
| Cohl Bultje | Iowa Ethics and Campaign Disclosure Board | Supporting | GA88 |
| Megan Tooker | Iowa Ethics and Campaign Disclosure Board | Supporting | GA88 |
| Cyndi Pederson | Iowa Fraternal Order of Police | Supporting | GA89 |
| John Pederson | Iowa Fraternal Order of Police | Supporting | GA89 |
| Erin Cubit | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Greg Boattenhamer | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| J. Norris | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Kim Murphy | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Maureen Keehnle | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Nicole Proesch | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA89 |
| Sara Allen | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Shannon Strickler | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| BRITTANY LUMLEY | Iowa Insurance Institute | Supporting | GA89 |
| Charlotte Eby | Iowa Insurance Institute | Supporting | GA89 |
| Jeffrey Boeyink | Iowa Insurance Institute | Supporting | GA89 |
| Taylor McDonald | Iowa Insurance Institute | Supporting | GA89 |
| Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA85 | |
| Ashley Engelbrecht | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA85 |
| Bob Rafferty | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA85 |
| Kate Strickler | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA86 |
| Kate Walton | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA85 |
| Megan Bendixen | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA86 |
| Sandra Conlin | Iowa Medical Society | Undecided | GA86 |
| Kellie Paschke | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Kelly Meyers | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Logan Murray | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Troy Skinner | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Larry Murphy | Iowa Police Chief Association (FKA Iowa Police Executive Forum) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Meghan Malloy | Iowa Police Chief Association (FKA Iowa Police Executive Forum) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Amy Campbell | Iowa Primary Care Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Craig Patterson | Iowa Primary Care Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Emily Piper | Iowa Psychiatric Society | Undecided | GA85 |
| Amy Campbell | Iowa Public Transit Association (IPT) | Supporting | GA89 |
| Craig Patterson | Iowa Public Transit Association (IPT) | Supporting | GA89 |
| Jamie Cashman | Iowa State Association of Counties | Supporting | GA89 |
| Kristi Harshbarger | Iowa State Association of Counties | Supporting | GA89 |
| Lucas Beenken | Iowa State Association of Counties | Supporting | GA89 |
| William Peterson | Iowa State Association of Counties | Supporting | GA89 |
| Melissa Peterson | Iowa State Education Association | Undecided | GA90 |
| Melissa Peterson | Iowa State Education Association | Supporting | GA91 |
| Morgan Miller | Iowa State Education Association | Undecided | GA90 |
| Morgan Miller | Iowa State Education Association | Supporting | GA91 |
| Jeff Smith | Iowa State Police Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Jerry Fitzgerald | Iowa State Police Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Maggie Smith-Fitzgerald | Iowa State Police Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Matt Fitzgerald | Iowa State Police Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Susan Cameron Daemen | Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Tony Phillips | Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association | Supporting | GA89 |
| Roy Overton | Izaak Walton League - Iowa Division | Opposing | GA83 |
| Roy Overton | Izaak Walton League - Iowa Division | Supporting | GA83 |
| Joe Kelly | Landlords of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Gary Grant | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA89 |
| Larry Murphy | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA89 |
| Meghan Malloy | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA89 |
| Emily Piper | March of Dimes Iowa Chapter | Undecided | GA85 |
| Mike Heller | Master Builders of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Feltner | Master Builders of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brian Johnson | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Supporting | GA84 |
| Brian Johnson | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brian Johnson | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Opposing | GA84 |
| Jamie Cashman | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Supporting | GA84 |
| Jamie Cashman | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Jamie Cashman | Mechanical Contractors Association of IA (MCAI) | Opposing | GA84 |
| Onnalee Gettler | MidAmerican Energy Company | Undecided | GA89 |
| Matt McKinney | Nationwide Agribusiness | Supporting | GA89 |
| RG Schwarm | Nationwide Agribusiness | Supporting | GA89 |
| Matt McKinney | Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. | Supporting | GA89 |
| RG Schwarm | Nationwide Mutual Ins. Co. | Supporting | GA89 |
| Tom Krueger | Network of Iowa Christian Home Educators (NICHE) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Erin Davison-Rippey | Planned Parenthood of the Heartland | Undecided | GA85 |
| Kyle Carlson | Planned Parenthood of the Heartland | Undecided | GA85 |
| Mike St. Clair | Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local 33 | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mike St. Clair | Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local 33 | Opposing | GA84 |
| tom fey | Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local 33 | Undecided | GA84 |
| tom fey | Plumbers and Steam Fitters Local 33 | Opposing | GA84 |
| Nathaniel Arnold | Professional Educators of Iowa | Undecided | GA90 |
| Nathaniel Arnold | Professional Educators of Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| Dave Daughton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Opposing | GA90 |
| Dave Daughton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| Margaret Buckton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Margaret Buckton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Opposing | GA90 |
| Margaret Buckton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| Dave Daughton | School Administrators of Iowa | Opposing | GA90 |
| Dave Daughton | School Administrators of Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| David Wilkerson | School Administrators of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| David Adelman | Sheet Metal Contractors of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| David Adelman | Sheet Metal Contractors of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| Mark Cooper | South Central Iowa Federation of Labor AFL-CIO | Opposing | GA84 |
| David Adelman | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Frank Chiodo | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Matt Hinch | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Sara Allen | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Christopher Rants | State Police Officers Council | Supporting | GA89 |
| John Cacciatore | State Police Officers Council | Supporting | GA89 |
| Amy Campbell | Travel Federation of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Craig Patterson | Travel Federation of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Kate Walton | Uber Technologies | Undecided | GA89 |
| Madeleine Bradley | Uber Technologies | Undecided | GA89 |
| Matt Eide | Uber Technologies | Undecided | GA89 |
| Gary Grant | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA89 |
| Larry Murphy | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA89 |
| Meghan Malloy | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA89 |
| Margaret Buckton | Urban Education Network of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Margaret Buckton | Urban Education Network of Iowa | Opposing | GA90 |
| Margaret Buckton | Urban Education Network of Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| Steve Warnstadt | Western Iowa Tech Community College | Undecided | GA87 |
Positions are as filed. A lobbyist may file more than once as a position changes.