Iowa · GA91
Read SF 67 at the Iowa legislature →
300 registered positions on this bill · 300 state a side.
| Lobbyist or firm | For client | Position | Session |
|---|---|---|---|
| Robert Weiser | 3M Company | Undecided | GA86 |
| Sarah Reckling | 3M Company | Undecided | GA86 |
| Brad Epperly | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA86 |
| Dustin Miller | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA86 |
| Scott Sundstrom | AIG-American International Companies | Undecided | GA86 |
| Julie Vande Hoef | Alliant Energy Corporation | Undecided | GA88 |
| Daniel Zeno | American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa (ACLU-IA) | Supporting | GA87 |
| Erica Johnson | American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa (ACLU-IA) | Supporting | GA86 |
| Rita Bettis Austen | American Civil Liberties Union of Iowa (ACLU-IA) | Supporting | GA86 |
| Dane Schumann | American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists | Supporting | GA90 |
| Dane Schumann | American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists | Undecided | GA90 |
| Brad Epperly | American Insurance Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | American Insurance Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Scott Sundstrom | American Insurance Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Katie Hall | American Property Casualty Insurance Association (APCIA) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Mike St. Clair | American Property Casualty Insurance Association (APCIA) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Brad Epperly | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Brad Epperly | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Dustin Miller | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Dustin Miller | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Paige Thorson | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Americas Health Insurance Plans (AHIP) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Drew Kamp | Ames Chamber of Commerce | Undecided | GA88 |
| Doug Struyk | Anthem, Inc. and Its Affiliates Including Amerigroup | Undecided | GA87 |
| Jim Carney | Anthem, Inc. and Its Affiliates Including Amerigroup | Undecided | GA87 |
| Kyle Carlson | Anthem, Inc. and Its Affiliates Including Amerigroup | Undecided | GA87 |
| Shannon Henson | Anthem, Inc. and Its Affiliates Including Amerigroup | Undecided | GA87 |
| Brad Epperly | BNSF Railway Co. | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | BNSF Railway Co. | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | BNSF Railway Co. | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | BNSF Railway Co. | Undecided | GA88 |
| Chaney Yeast | Blank Childrens Hospital | Opposing | GA89 |
| Bruce Rastetter | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Katie Mulholland | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Keith Saunders | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Kristin Failor | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Mary Braun | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Robert Donley | Board of Regents, State of Iowa | Undecided | GA87 |
| Mike St. Clair | CVS Health | Undecided | GA87 |
| John Pederson | City of Cedar Falls | Undecided | GA83 |
| Matt Eide | City of Cedar Falls | Undecided | GA83 |
| Gary Grant | City of Cedar Rapids | Undecided | GA86 |
| Larry Murphy | City of Cedar Rapids | Undecided | GA86 |
| Meghan Malloy | City of Cedar Rapids | Undecided | GA86 |
| Bruce Bergman | City of Des Moines | Undecided | GA83 |
| Jerry Fitzgerald | City of Des Moines | Undecided | GA83 |
| Maggie Smith-Fitzgerald | City of Des Moines | Undecided | GA83 |
| Mark Joyce | City of Des Moines | Undecided | GA83 |
| Kelli Soyer | Common Good Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Mike Owen | Common Good Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Natalie Veldhouse | Common Good Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Sheila Hansen | Common Good Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Matt McKinney | Conlin Properties | Undecided | GA88 |
| RG Schwarm | Conlin Properties | Undecided | GA88 |
| Mark Johnson | Department of Administrative Services (DAS) | Undecided | GA83 |
| Dr. Tanja Garrison | Dr. Tanja Garrison | Supporting | GA91 |
| Doug Struyk | Elevance Health, and its Affiliates dba Anthem, Inc. | Undecided | GA90 |
| Jennifer Dorman | Elevance Health, and its Affiliates dba Anthem, Inc. | Undecided | GA90 |
| Jim Carney | Elevance Health, and its Affiliates dba Anthem, Inc. | Undecided | GA90 |
| Lynh Patterson | Elevance Health, and its Affiliates dba Anthem, Inc. | Undecided | GA90 |
| Angela Davis | Enterprise Rent-A-Car | Undecided | GA85 |
| Bill Wimmer | Enterprise Rent-A-Car | Undecided | GA85 |
| Wendy Abrahamson | Episcopal Diocese of Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Chelsea Hoye | EveryStep | Supporting | GA90 |
| Nick Laning | EveryStep | Supporting | GA90 |
| Threase Harms | EveryStep | Supporting | GA90 |
| Michael Triplett | Express Scripts Holding Co. | Undecided | GA87 |
| Angela Caulk | Family Planning Council of Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Jodi Tomlonovic | Family Planning Council of Iowa | Supporting | GA87 |
| Noah Tabor | Family Planning Council of Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Dennis Henderson | Fawkes-Lee & Ryan Inc. | Supporting | GA86 |
| Marty Ryan | Fawkes-Lee & Ryan Inc. | Supporting | GA86 |
| Stephanie Fawkes-Lee | Fawkes-Lee & Ryan Inc. | Supporting | GA86 |
| Brad Epperly | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Opposing | GA87 |
| Brad Epperly | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA87 |
| Dustin Miller | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Opposing | GA87 |
| Dustin Miller | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA87 |
| Paige Thorson | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA87 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Opposing | GA87 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Federation of Iowa Insurers | Undecided | GA87 |
| Mike Heller | Glaxo Smith Kline | Undecided | GA87 |
| Paula Feltner | Glaxo Smith Kline | Undecided | GA87 |
| Andrea Woodard | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA88 |
| Brad Epperly | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| Dustin Miller | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA88 |
| James West | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| Jay Byers | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| Joe Murphy | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA88 |
| Keith Luchtel | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Greater Des Moines Partnership | Undecided | GA83 |
| David Adelman | Hubbell Realty Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Frank Chiodo | Hubbell Realty Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Matt Hinch | Hubbell Realty Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Sara Allen | Hubbell Realty Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Angela Davis | Hy-Vee, Inc. | Undecided | GA87 |
| Bill Wimmer | Hy-Vee, Inc. | Undecided | GA87 |
| Tim Coonan | Hy-Vee, Inc. | Undecided | GA87 |
| Teresa Bomhoff | IA Mental Health Planning Council | Supporting | GA90 |
| John Gilliland | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA83 |
| Michael Ralston | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA83 |
| Nicole Crain | IA. Assn. of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA83 |
| David Palmer | IA. Assn. of Community College Trustees (IACCT) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Emily Piper | IA. Assn. of School Boards | Supporting | GA84 |
| Mary Gannon | IA. Assn. of School Boards | Supporting | GA84 |
| James Kersten | IA. Central Community College (ICC) | Undecided | GA84 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA83 |
| James West | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA83 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA83 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA83 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA83 |
| Marybeth Foster | IA. Credit Union Foundation | Supporting | GA83 |
| John Cacciatore | IA. Credit Union League | Supporting | GA83 |
| Julie VandeHoef | IA. Credit Union League | Supporting | GA83 |
| Justin Hupfer | IA. Credit Union League | Supporting | GA83 |
| Pat Jury | IA. Credit Union League | Supporting | GA83 |
| Konni Cawiezell | IA. Dept. of Education | Undecided | GA83 |
| Mike Cormack | IA. Dept. of Education | Undecided | GA84 |
| John Benson | IA. Homeland Security & Emergency Management Div. | Undecided | GA83 |
| Alan Kemp | IA. League of Cities | Supporting | GA83 |
| Jessica Hyland | IA. League of Cities | Supporting | GA83 |
| Julie Smith | IA. League of Cities | Supporting | GA83 |
| Larry Pope | IA. League of Cities | Supporting | GA83 |
| Megan Peiffer | IA. League of Cities | Supporting | GA83 |
| Mike Heller | IA. Retail Federation | Undecided | GA83 |
| Paula Feltner | IA. Retail Federation | Undecided | GA83 |
| Brad Epperly | IA. Society of Certified Public Accountants | Undecided | GA84 |
| Keith Luchtel | IA. Society of Certified Public Accountants | Undecided | GA84 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | IA. Society of Certified Public Accountants | Undecided | GA84 |
| Scott Sundstrom | IA. Society of Certified Public Accountants | Undecided | GA84 |
| Hanna DeGroot | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA83 |
| Linda Hinton | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA83 |
| Nathan Bonnett | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA83 |
| William Peterson | IA. State Assn. of Counties | Undecided | GA83 |
| Brad Hudson | IA. State Education Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Melissa Peterson | IA. State Education Assn. | Undecided | GA84 |
| Stephanie Strauss | IA. State Treasurer's Office | Undecided | GA83 |
| Cindy Schulte | IA. Valley Community College District | Undecided | GA84 |
| Bob Skow | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Jake Ketzner | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA89 |
| Larry Blixt | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA85 |
| Thomas O'Meara | Independent Insurance Agents of Iowa | Undecided | GA89 |
| Connie Ryan | Interfaith Alliance of Iowa Action Fund | Supporting | GA87 |
| Lisa Cushatt | Iowa ACEs 360 | Supporting | GA90 |
| MaryNelle Trefz | Iowa ACEs 360 | Supporting | GA90 |
| Andrew Mertens | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA91 |
| Kellie Paschke | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA91 |
| Kelly Meyers | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA91 |
| Lisa Davis-Cook | Iowa Association for Justice | Undecided | GA91 |
| Brad Hartkopf | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Brad Hartkopf | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA88 |
| Jessica Hyland | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Jessica Hyland | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Michael Ralston | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Michael Ralston | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Nicole Crain | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Opposing | GA87 |
| Nicole Crain | Iowa Association of Business and Industry (ABI) | Undecided | GA87 |
| Eric Goranson | Iowa Association of Christian Schools | Undecided | GA88 |
| Eric Goranson | Iowa Association of Christian Schools | Supporting | GA89 |
| Jennifer Kingland | Iowa Association of Realtors | Undecided | GA88 |
| Emily Piper | Iowa Association of School Boards | Undecided | GA88 |
| Phil Jeneary | Iowa Association of School Boards | Undecided | GA88 |
| Brad Epperly | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Iowa Automobile Dealers Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Carolann Jensen | Iowa Board of Regents | Undecided | GA90 |
| Jennifer Harbison | Iowa Board of Regents | Undecided | GA90 |
| Keith Saunders | Iowa Board of Regents | Undecided | GA90 |
| Mary Braun | Iowa Board of Regents | Undecided | GA90 |
| Brad Epperly | Iowa Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA88 |
| John Stineman | Iowa Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Iowa Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Iowa Chamber Alliance | Undecided | GA88 |
| Brad Epperly | Iowa Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Iowa Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Iowa Chapter, American Institute of Architects | Undecided | GA88 |
| Amy Campbell | Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault | Supporting | GA91 |
| Amy Campbell | Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault | Undecided | GA91 |
| Chloe Gayer | Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault | Supporting | GA91 |
| Craig Patterson | Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault | Supporting | GA91 |
| Craig Patterson | Iowa Coalition Against Sexual Assault | Undecided | GA91 |
| Robert Palmer | Iowa Defense Counsel Association | Undecided | GA91 |
| Carrie Malone | Iowa Department of Health and Human Services | Undecided | GA90 |
| Dax Oberreuter | Iowa Department of Health and Human Services | Undecided | GA90 |
| Jancy Nielson | Iowa Department of Health and Human Services | Undecided | GA90 |
| Deborah Thompson | Iowa Dept. of Public Health | Undecided | GA87 |
| Amber Markham | Iowa Dept. of Public Safety | Undecided | GA85 |
| Chandlor Collins | Iowa Dept. of Public Safety | Undecided | GA88 |
| Elizabeth Baird | Iowa Dept. of Transportation | Undecided | GA85 |
| Susan Fenton | Iowa Dept. of Transportation | Undecided | GA89 |
| Eric Bradley | Iowa Environmental Health Association | Supporting | GA88 |
| Cyndi Pederson | Iowa Firefighters Association (IFA) | Undecided | GA88 |
| John Pederson | Iowa Firefighters Association (IFA) | Undecided | GA88 |
| Brad Epperly | Iowa Grocery Industry Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa Grocery Industry Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Iowa Grocery Industry Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Paula Dierenfeld | Iowa Grocery Industry Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Greg Boattenhamer | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| J. Norris | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Sara Allen | Iowa Hospital Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Frederick Haskins | Iowa Insurance Associates | Undecided | GA91 |
| Jessica Hyland | Iowa Insurance Institute | Undecided | GA85 |
| Katherine Carlucci | Iowa Insurance Institute | Undecided | GA85 |
| Stephen Morain | Iowa Insurance Institute | Undecided | GA85 |
| Thomas Stanberry | Iowa Insurance Institute | Undecided | GA85 |
| Teresa Bomhoff | Iowa Integrated Health Planning and Advisory Council | Opposing | GA91 |
| Andrew Lietzow | Iowa Landlord Association | Supporting | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | Iowa League of Cities | Opposing | GA86 |
| Robert Palmer | Iowa League of Cities | Opposing | GA86 |
| Joe Kelly | Iowa Manufactured Housing Association | Undecided | GA88 |
| Iowa Medical Society | Opposing | GA87 | |
| Sandra Conlin | Iowa Medical Society | Opposing | GA87 |
| Leslie Carpenter | Iowa Mental Health Advocacy | Undecided | GA91 |
| Gary Ellis | Iowa Optometric Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Joe Kelly | Iowa Optometric Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Susan Cameron Daemen | Iowa Optometric Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Karl Schilling | Iowa Organization for Victim Assistance | Supporting | GA91 |
| Kellie Paschke | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Troy Skinner | Iowa Peace Officers Association | Undecided | GA86 |
| Angela Davis | Iowa Pharmacy Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Bill Wimmer | Iowa Pharmacy Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Casey Ficek | Iowa Pharmacy Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Larry Murphy | Iowa Police Chief Association (FKA Iowa Police Executive Forum) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Meghan Malloy | Iowa Police Chief Association (FKA Iowa Police Executive Forum) | Undecided | GA89 |
| Amy Campbell | Iowa Primary Care Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Craig Patterson | Iowa Primary Care Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Taylor McDonald | Iowa Public Health Association | Supporting | GA90 |
| Andrew Lietzow | Iowa Real Estate Investors Association | Supporting | GA88 |
| Jim Henter | Iowa Retail Federation | Undecided | GA87 |
| William Heckroth | Iowa State Association of County Supervisors | Opposing | GA86 |
| William Heckroth | Iowa State Association of County Supervisors | Undecided | GA86 |
| Mike Heller | Iowa State Police Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Paula Feltner | Iowa State Police Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Joe Kelly | Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Susan Cameron Daemen | Iowa State Sheriffs' & Deputies' Association | Undecided | GA85 |
| Jim Obradovich | Landlords of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Robert Mulqueen | Landlords of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Amy Campbell | League of Women Voters of Iowa | Undecided | GA91 |
| Craig Patterson | League of Women Voters of Iowa | Undecided | GA91 |
| Gary Grant | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA88 |
| Larry Murphy | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA88 |
| Meghan Malloy | Linn County Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA88 |
| Gary Grant | MH/DS of East Central Region | Undecided | GA88 |
| Larry Murphy | MH/DS of East Central Region | Undecided | GA88 |
| Meghan Malloy | MH/DS of East Central Region | Undecided | GA88 |
| Mike Heller | Master Builders of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Paula Feltner | Master Builders of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Kellie Paschke | Medica | Undecided | GA87 |
| Noah Tabor | Medica | Opposing | GA87 |
| Noah Tabor | Medica | Undecided | GA87 |
| Troy Skinner | Medica | Undecided | GA87 |
| David Adelman | Metropolitan Coalition | Opposing | GA86 |
| Brad Epperly | Monsanto Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dustin Miller | Monsanto Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Katie Graham | Monsanto Company | Undecided | GA88 |
| Doug Struyk | Pharmaceutical Care Management Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Jim Carney | Pharmaceutical Care Management Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Shannon Henson | Pharmaceutical Care Management Association | Undecided | GA87 |
| Mazie Stilwell | Planned Parenthood Advocates of Iowa | Supporting | GA90 |
| Erin Davison-Rippey | Planned Parenthood Voters of Iowa | Supporting | GA87 |
| Jamie Burch | Planned Parenthood Voters of Iowa | Supporting | GA87 |
| Erin Davison-Rippey | Planned Parenthood of the Heartland | Supporting | GA87 |
| Jamie Burch | Planned Parenthood of the Heartland | Supporting | GA87 |
| Brian Johnson | Polk County - Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA86 |
| Craig Walter | Polk County - Board of Supervisors | Undecided | GA86 |
| Susan Judkins | Rebuild IA Office | Supporting | GA83 |
| Gary Grant | Resources for Human Development | Undecided | GA88 |
| Larry Murphy | Resources for Human Development | Undecided | GA88 |
| Meghan Malloy | Resources for Human Development | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dave Daughton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Undecided | GA89 |
| Margaret Buckton | Rural School Advocates of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Dr. Norman | School Administrators of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Dr. Norman | School Administrators of IA | Undecided | GA84 |
| David Wilkerson | School Administrators of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| Karl Schilling | Soaring Hearts | Supporting | GA91 |
| Brian Johnson | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA86 |
| Craig Walter | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA86 |
| David Adelman | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Frank Chiodo | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Matt Hinch | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| Sara Allen | State Farm Insurance | Undecided | GA89 |
| John Pederson | United Ways of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Matt Eide | United Ways of IA | Undecided | GA83 |
| Gary Grant | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA88 |
| Larry Murphy | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA88 |
| Meghan Malloy | Urban County Coalition | Undecided | GA88 |
| Lewis Finch | Urban Education Network of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Margaret Buckton | Urban Education Network of IA | Supporting | GA84 |
| Margaret Buckton | Urban Education Network of Iowa | Undecided | GA88 |
| John Strathman | VALOR Iowa | Supporting | GA91 |
| Frank Stork | Wellmark, Inc. | Undecided | GA87 |
| Scott Sundstrom | Wellmark, Inc. | Undecided | GA87 |
Positions are as filed. A lobbyist may file more than once as a position changes.